The pigeon holes may be seen in the mosque's minarets to this day. In 1818, a great pigeon race called the Cannonball Run took place at Brussels. In 1860, Paul Reuter, who later founded Reuters press agency, used a fleet of over 45 pigeons to deliver news and stock prices between Brussels and Aachen, the terminus of early telegraph lines. Oct 14, 2013 The origin of this game goes back to 2,000 years ago and the original game was called ‘white pigeon ticket’. The game would be allowed to be played in gambling houses with the permission of the province governor, who would receive a percentage of the profits.

“Fly, fly, the pigeon of my post…And we will cut your wings…” – muttered viciously the haberdasher Bonacieux, scribbling a denunciation on D’Artagnan. However, pigeons were used as postmen long before the era of the French musketeers…

The pigeon, of course, is not a two-legged courier – you will not send it to any address. But to his native summer, this bird returns with incredible persistence, overcoming very long distances – up to 300 km. And individual, well-trained, carrier pigeons are able to find their homeland at a distance for more than a thousand of kilometers!

Add to this the absence of barriers and a solid speed (on average 60-70 km/h), and it will become obvious that in certain situations, when the mail delivery is especially difficult, pigeons became simply irreplaceable.

“Symbol of peace” in the war

Pigeons post was namely popular during the siege of cities when a daredevil managed to overcome the ring of enemy encirclement.

Pigeons were sent by both the Roman Decimus Brutus during the siege of Mutina by Anthony (43 B.C.), and the Dutch besieged by the Spaniards in the cities of Haarlem and Leiden (1570s).

But the first, seriously organized and regular, pigeon mail appeared in 1870-71 during the Franco-Prussian War, when the Germans took Paris into the ring. The besieged citizens first sent the news with balloons. However, the balloons were uncontrollable – it was possible to send them out of the city, but you couldn’t send them back to Paris.

It was then that the idea came to attract carrier pigeons. They were put in cages and sent on balloons through a chain of enemy troops so that they would come back with return messages. Although the first time out of 363 pigeons returned only 57, the it was worth it.

A pigeon is not a horse, so pigeon letters were written on very thin tissue paper, put in a bag, which was mounted on the back, tail or paw of a bird. Then they came up with a more economic way..

People brought letters to a special 'pigeon' post office. There, texts were in small typographic type, typeset like a newspaper, and then photographed with a large reduction. As a result, many messages fit on a thin microfilm, which was placed in a capsule and attached to pigeons. At the place of receipt of the film, it was projected onto the screen, and special officials copied the texts of the messages.

Now one pigeon at a time could deliver information with a capacity of 70 thousand words and bring to the state treasury 35 thousand francs from grateful post clients.

The Germans were said even to try to fight against the feathered postmen with hawks, but without much success.

Not without pigeons and in the fields of two world wars. They were especially actively used during the First World War. There were even entire bands of pigeon postmen, and for greater mobility traveling dovecotes were used. Accordingly, pigeons that were used to one dovecot were transported to another, with which they were going to keep in touch. Bearing in mind that war is war, the same message for reliability was sent immediately with three birds.

Of course, wired and radio communications gradually replaced the pigeons-postmen, but the birds continued being used during the Second World War. Researchers calculated that between 1941-45, it was sent about 15 thousand “pigeongrams”.

The most distinguished feathered military postmen were often awarded. So, the pigeon Cher Ami was honored with the French Military Cross in 1918. The Commando pigeons and the soldier Joe in 1945 were rewarded with the Deakin British Medal. The luckiest pigeon under the number '888' was even given the rank of colonel of the British Army, and after his death, he was buried with honors.

In 2005 the cartoon 'Feathered Special Forces' about pigeons – participants of the Second World War –was shot.

Pigeons and Rothschilds

Important advantages of pigeon mail were secrecy and, most importantly, the speed of delivery. Even the ancient Greeks sent pigeons with lists of the Olympic Games winners.

But the most vivid proof is the history of the famous financial empire of the Rothschilds. According to legend, it was thanks to the carrier pigeon that Nathan Rothschild was the first in Britain to know about the victory over Napoleon at Waterloo. This allowed him to conduct a successful operation with French securities and earn a fabulous fortune.

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The pigeon turned out to be a good assistant to reporters. Until the radio had been invented, the editors received information about sailing regattas using pigeons, which were previously placed in the dovecote on yachts.
However, this method of transmitting urgent information was also practiced in 1962 by Reuters reporters, so the correspondents would not waste time standing in traffic jams.

Not always pigeon post served a legitimate and specious purpose. So in the time of Napoleon, when there was a customs war between England and France, pigeons often helped smugglers to transfer precious stones from the island to the continent. And now in the regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan, these birds are used as .. drug couriers delivering heroin.

Joke:

“- “And they asked personally to hand it over,” said the pigeon-postman and put it on the recipient’s head.”

Communication without borders

There were cases when carrier pigeons were the only way to deliver messages. For example, in distant sea wanderings. Even the ancient Egyptians took pigeons with them during sea voyages, and then it became a common practice among other sailors.

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It was the pigeon that brought the latest news from the Swedish Arctic explorer Solomon Andre. In 1897 Andre, together with two satellites, rose in a balloon with Svalbard, desiring to reach the North Pole. Soon an encouraging pigeon message arrived – they said everything was fine – and after that nobody had heard anything about the expedition for the whole 33 years .. So far, the remains of the brave polar explorers have not been found on one of the northern islands.

How to play 9 ball in game pigeon. To take a screenshot with your Mac, Command + Shift + 3 and then release all keys to captuer the whole screen, or press Command + Shift + 4 and press down. Nine Ball is played with nine object balls numbered one through nine and a cue ball. On each shot the first ball the cue ball contacts must be the lowest-numbered ball on the table, but the balls need not be pocketed in order. Pocketing the nine ball and the cue ball with the same stroke is a foul. Shooting without at least one foot on the floor is a foul. An unpocketed ball is considered to be driven off the table if it comes to rest other than on the bed of the table. It is a foul to drive an object ball off the table.

Speaking of islands ..
In the second half of the XIX century, when there was no airmail yet, and the steamers were going slowly, the inhabitants of the islands remembered the pigeons. In particular, a man named Fricker – a resident of the island of Great Barbier, dissatisfied with the fact that the mail ship between the island and the New Zealand port of Auckland ran only once a week, decided in 1898 to create regular pigeon post.

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As a result, letters began to be delivered on a daily basis. The fastest pigeon with the talking nickname Velocity could cover the distance between the Great Barbier and New Zealand (90 km) in just 50 minutes. The idea was so successful that even special forms and triangular stamps were established – the first postage stamps for pigeongram.

Joke:

“- You know, I had a pigeon-postman, but died during execution ..
- How is that? Was it shot?
- Well, no! He was crippled at the post office, when stamped ..”

So in urgent matters, pigeon post can still come in handy. For instance, today in remote and inaccessible areas of England, pigeons are used for express delivery of blood samples to hospitals for analysis.

28.12.2014

Cornhole (also known regionally as bags, sack toss, or bean bag) is a lawn game in which players take turns throwing 16 ounce bags of corn kernels at a raised platform (board) with a hole in the far end. A bag in the hole scores 3 points, while one on the board scores 1 point. Play continues until a team or player reaches or exceeds the score of 21 by means of cancellation scoring.

Rules and regulations[edit]

Equipment and court layout[edit]

Cornhole matches are played with two sets of bags, two boards and two to four players.^[1]

There are four bags to a set. Each set of bags should be distinguishable from the other; different colors work well. The American Cornhole League's rules call for double-seamed fabric bags measuring 6 by 6 inches (150 by 150 mm) and weighing 15.5 to 16.5 ounces (440 to 470 g)^[1] Although bags used to be filled with corn kernels (hence the name Cornhole), bags are nowadays usually filled with plastic resin or another material that will maintain a consistent weight and shape. Bags are usually dual sided, with each side of the bag being a different material that reacts faster or slower on the board. Faster bags are preferred in humid conditions where bags will not slide as readily. Additionally, professional players may use different materials depending on their personal throwing styles. Players with a lower, harder, throw may use more rotation and a slower bag material. Players with higher, softer throws may throw with less rotation and prefer a more reactive bag.

Each board is 2 by 4 feet (0.61 by 1.22 m), with a 6-inch (150 mm) hole centered 9 inches (230 mm) from the top. Each board should be angled with the top edge of the playing surface 12 inches (300 mm) above the ground, and the bottom edge 3–4 inches (76–102 mm) above the ground. A regular court places the holes 33 feet (10 m) apart, or 27 feet (8.2 m) between the bottoms of the platforms. Shorter distances can be used when younger players are participating or there is not sufficient room.^[1]

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Bags are tossed from the pitcher's box, which is the rectangular area directly to the left or right of a platform. The bottom of the platform forms the foul line.

Gameplay[edit]

Cornhole matches are broken down into innings or frames of play.^[1] During each frame, every player throws four bags, alternating teams between each throw. A player must deliver the bag from either the left or right pitcher's box, and remain in that designated pitchers box for the duration of the game in doubles or crew (in crew, each player will only throw 2 bags, however). In singles play, a player will throw from both the right and left pitcher's box during the game as the players walk down to retrieve their bags in their designated lane. At no time will opponents throw from the same pitcher's box during a frame. Players may not step over the foul line or outside of the pitcher's box while pitching.^[1]

Each player must deliver the bag within twenty seconds. The time starts when the player steps onto the pitcher's box with the intention of pitching. The player who scored in the preceding frame pitches first in the next frame. If neither player scores, the player who pitched first in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. Note: No foot can land past the front of the board until the bag leaves the hand, otherwise the point does not count.

Cornhole can be played as singles, doubles, or crew format (4 players to a team). In doubles play, four players split into two teams. One member from each team pitches from one board and the other members pitch from the other. The first side of players alternate pitching bags until both players have thrown all four of their bags, then the players pitching from the opposing cornhole board continue to alternate in the same manner until all four of their bags are delivered and the inning or frame is completed. In singles play, two players play against each other. Delivery is handled in the same manner as doubles play. Both contestants pitch from the same cornhole board and alternate their pitches until all of their bags have been pitched, completing the inning or frame.^[2]

In crew format, each end of the board consists of two players from each team, with eight total players (4 per team). Players will throw two bags each per frame, still in alternating fashion.

Scoring[edit]

In order to score, the bags must either be tossed into the hole or land on the board. A bag that falls through the hole is worth three points. The bag can be tossed directly into the hole, slide into the hole, or be knocked into the hole by another bag. A bag that lands on the board and is still on the board at the end of the inning is worth one point. If a bag touches the ground and comes to rest on the board, it is removed from the board prior to continuation of play and not worth any points (commonly referred to as a 'dirt bag'). Scoring is done by cancellation (e.g., if Team A scores 12 points in the frame and Team B scores 10 points in the frame, Team A is awarded 2 points). Play continues until a player or team reaches or exceeds 21 points.

In the common version of cancellation scoring, the total score for each team for the inning is totaled each round, and then the difference of the two scores is awarded to the team with the higher score. It is thus only possible for one team to score points each inning. For example, if one team lands two bags in the hole and one on the board for 7 points, and the other team lands one bag in the hole and two on the board for 5 points, 5 points from the round would cancel out, and the first team would thus score 2 points. Because only one team can score points in each frame, it is impossible for both teams to reach or exceed 21 points in the same inning, and therefore ties are impossible.

A cornhole match is played until the first player or team reaches 21 points at the completion of an inning. The winning team does not need to win by two or more points.^[2]

Gameplay strategy varies by player and skill level. At the professional level, players can easily slide all 4 bags into the hole if no bag blocks the path. Defensive strategies are often employed to slow down game play or force opponents to make difficult decisions, such as throwing a blocker bag that rests in front of the hole. This forces an opponent to either slide through the blocker bag to reach the hole, throw another blocker behind the bag, or attempt a riskier airmail shot over the bag (throwing directly into the hole without touching the board).

An uncommon version of scoring also includes a 2-point option. A bag is worth 2 points if it is on the board and hanging over the hole, but has not fallen through the hole. This version of game play disincentives aggressive game play and riskier airmail shots.

Other unofficial scoring variations require one team to earn exactly twenty-one points to win. If a team's score exceeds 21 after any inning, the result differs among various house rules. Options include that the team must return to fifteen points, that the team must return to their prior score, that the team must return to their prior score and deduct one point from that score, and that the team must return to their prior score and deduct from that the number of points they scored in the most recent inning. In some variations, if a team's score goes over 21 three times before their opponents reach or exceed 21, they win the match.

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History[edit]

The game described in Heyliger de Windt's 1883 patent for 'Parlor Quoits' displays most of the features of the modern game of 'cornhole', but with a square hole instead of a round one.^[3]Quoits is a game similar to horseshoes, played by throwing steel discs at a metal spike. De Windt's patent followed several earlier 'parlor quoits' patents that sought to recreate quoit game-play in an indoor environment.^[4] His was the first to use bean-bags and a slanted board with a hole as the target.

He sold the rights to the game to a Massachusetts toy manufacturer that marketed a version of the game under the name 'Faba Baga'.^[4] Unlike the modern game, which has one hole and one size of bags, a 'Faba Baga' board had two different-sized holes, worth different point values, and provided each player with one extra-large bag per round, which scored double points.

In September 1974, Popular Mechanics magazine published an article written by Carolyn Farrell about a similar game called 'Bean-bag Bull's-eye'.^[5] Bean-bag bull's-eye was played on a board the same width of modern cornhole boards (24'), but only 36' long as opposed to the 48' for cornhole. The hole was the same diameter (6') but was centered 8' from the back of the board as opposed to the 9'-center of cornhole boards. Each player threw two bags, weighing 8 ounces each, 'in succession.' In cornhole, the players alternate throwing 4 bags, each weighing 15.5-16.5 ounces. The boards in bean-bag bull's-eye were placed 'about 30 ft. apart for adults, 10 ft. for kids.' Scoring was essentially the same as that used in cornhole (3 points for a bag in the hole, 1 point for a bag remaining on the board, and cancellation scoring).

In the Chicago area, cornhole is often referred to as 'bags.' The game spread in Chicago, Illinois, and the Northwest region of Indiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s, perhaps due to the Popular Mechanics article mentioned above. The game's popularity on Cincinnati's west side in the 1980s spread to surrounding areas in Kentucky and Southeast Indiana.

Tournaments[edit]

The American Cornhole League ('ACL') was founded in 2015 by Stacey Moore. According to ACL's website, it promotes and develops cornhole as a sport on every level, created software and apps to manage cornhole leagues, tournaments, special events, and player development.^[6]

The American Cornhole Organization ('ACO'), established in 2005 and headquartered in Milford, Ohio. As of August 1, 2019 ACO claimed on its website to be the 'governing body for the sport of cornhole.'^[7]

The American Cornhole Association ('ACA') is an organization whose sole mission is to help cornhole players enjoy the game of cornhole. According to its website, '[o]ne of the most important ways to achieve this goal is for people to have high-quality equipment to play on.'^[8] Accordingly, it appears that ACA is more focused on selling cornhole-related products and equipment than it is on being a sanctioning body of the sport; however, it does have its own rules and does sponsor events.

Variations[edit]

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Smaller versions, with scaled-down board, bags, and holes are available for indoor and children's use from a variety of vendors.

Terminology[edit]

The following is a list of terms commonly used in cornhole:

• Airmail: A bag that does not slide or bounce on the board but goes directly into the hole, usually over an opponent's blocker bag.
• Back door, jumper Dirty Rollup: A cornhole that goes over the top of a blocker and into the hole.^[9][10]
• Backstop: A bag that lands past the cornhole but remains on the board creating a backboard for a slider to knock into without going off the board.^[9]
• Blocker: A bag that lands in front of the hole, blocking the hole from an opponent's slide shot.^[9][10]
• Cornfusion: When players or teams cannot agree on the scoring of a given inning.^[9]
• Cornhole or Drano: A bag that falls in the hole, which is worth three points.^[9] The alternative name is a reference to a trademark, that of a sink clog clearing product.
• Cornholio: Same as grand bag or as just cornhole, depending on region; named for the alter-ego of the character Beavis in the animated TV series Beavis and Butt-Head.
• Dirty bag: A bag that is on the ground or is hanging off the board touching the ground.^[10]
• Frame: A single round or turn during which a player and opponent each throw 4 bags.
• Four bagger: A sequence of a player making all four bags in the hole during a frame. There is a tradition in some areas where any social player who puts all four bags in the hole on a single turn gets to sign the board, often with some type of ceremony and recognition.
• Flop or floppy bag: Type of toss that didn’t spin the bag horizontally or vertically. Without rotation or spin.^[11]
• Hammer: When one or more hangers (see below) are around the hole, a so-called hammer can be used. A hammer is a bag thrown as an airmail bag with a high arch in an attempt to take hanger bags into the hole with it.
• Hanger: A bag on the lip of the hole ready to drop.^[9][10]
• Honors: The player or team who tosses first, resulting from the team scoring last or winning the coin toss before the first frame.^[10]
• Hooker: A bag hitting the board and hooking or curving around a blocker and going in the hole.^[9]
• Jumper: A bag that strikes another bag on the board causing it to jump up into the cornhole.^[9]
• Shortbag: When a bag lands on the ground just before the cornhole board.^[11]
• Skunk, whitewash or shutout: A game that ends in a 21–0 score or, by some unofficial rules, ends in an 11–0 score.^[9][10]
• Slide, or slider: A bag that lands in front of the hole and slides in.^[9][10]
• Swish: A bag that goes directly in the hole without touching the board. More often referred to as 'Airmail'^[10]
• Wash: When each team has scored exactly the same number of points in an inning, thereby 'washing out' all points scored in the inning.
• Woody: Refers to any cornhole bag that has been pitched and remains on the cornhole board playing surface at the conclusion of the frame.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcde'American Cornhole League Rules'(PDF).
2. ^ ^ab'ACL Official Rules'. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
3. ^De Windt, Heyliger. 'US Patent 285,396 - Parlor Quoits'. Google Patents. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
4. ^ ^abJensen-Brown, Peter. 'Parlor Quoits, Bean-Bags, and Faba Baga - a History of 'Cornhole' (the Game)'. Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History Blog. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
5. ^Popular Mechanics, September 1974, page 138 available online at https://books.google.com/books?id=DNUDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
6. ^'American Cornhole League'. americancornholeleague.azurewebsites.net.
7. ^'About the ACO'.
8. ^'Cornhole Boards | Official Cornhole Boards | Regulation Cornhole Board'. American Cornhole Association.
9. ^ ^abcdefghij'Cornhole Lingo'. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
10. ^ ^abcdefghShauna Scott Rhone. 'By any name, game's appeal spreading quickly'. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
11. ^ ^ab'Cornhole Terminology'. Retrieved 2016-02-28.